Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for energy metabolism, hormone production, and overall cellular function. It is a critical component of coenzyme A (CoA), which plays a central role in the Krebs cycle, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, and the synthesis of steroid hormones and neurotransmitters. The name "pantothenic" is derived from the Greek word pantothen, meaning "from everywhere," reflecting its wide distribution in foods, including meat, eggs, dairy, whole grains, and vegetables.

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There are several forms of vitamin B5, each with distinct properties and uses:

• Pantothenic Acid: The basic form of B5, commonly found in foods and supplements, though it is unstable and can degrade with processing.

• Calcium Pantothenate: A more stable, salt form of pantothenic acid, often used in dietary supplements and fortified foods.

• Sodium Pantothenate: Another salt form with similar stability advantages.

• Pantethine: A biologically active derivative of pantothenic acid composed of two pantetheine molecules linked by a disulfide bond. Unlike basic pantothenic acid, pantethine has unique lipid-modulating effects and is primarily used to support cardiovascular health by lowering LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL.

• Coenzyme A (CoA): While not a supplement form, this is the active coenzyme derived from pantothenic acid that is essential for metabolic processes in the body.

 

Pantothenic acid is widely recognized for its role in adrenal function, energy production, and lipid metabolism, while pantethine is distinguished by its potent effects on cholesterol and triglyceride regulation.